Inheritance Patterns
Ectodermaldysplasias can be inherited in different pattern. To understand these patterns, it is important to understand a little about how our DNA is packaged into chromosomes which are like volumes of DNA.
They come in pairs, with one of each pair coming from each parent in the egg or the sperm. There are 23 pairs in all: the sex chromosomes and the autosomes. Sex chromosomes, the X and the Y chromosomes, are involved in determining the sex of an individual (i.e. male or female) but also have many other functions. A female has two X chromosomes; a male has one X and one Y chromosome.
Autosomes are all the rest of the chromosomes and are the same in males and females. The autosomes are numbered according to size. Chromosome number 1 is the longest and chromosomes numbers 21 and 22 are the shortest.
Females with Ectodermal Dysplasia – Angus Clarke
An autosomal gene is a gene located on a numbered chromosome and usually affects males and females in the same way. If a DNA change occurs in only one of the pair of genes and this causes a health condition, it is called an autosomal dominant condition. If a health condition only occurs when both copies of the gene are changed, this is called an autosomal recessive condition.
An X-linked gene is located on the X chromosome and changes in it will often affect males and females differently. A change in a gene on the X chromosome will often affect a male to a greater extent than it does a female. The Y chromosome has few genes apart from those involved in making an embryo male and promoting male fertility.
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
Some cases of Ectodermal Dysplasia occur when a single altered copy of the gene is present, as this is sufficient to cause Ectodermal Dysplasia in the person who carries it despite that person having another, intact copy of the same gene. When we have children, we pass on half our genetic information. Therefore, a person affected with an autosomal dominant Ectodermal Dysplasia will have a 50% (1 in 2) chance of passing the disorder on to each of their children regardless of the gender of the parent or the child.
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
In some types of Ectodermal Dysplasia both copies of the relevant gene must be altered before an individual has Ectodermal Dysplasia. We all have some changes in our genes and when an individual by chance has a change in a single copy of such a gene they are known as a carrier and are usually unaffected. If by chance two individuals who carry a change in the same gene have children together, there is a 1 in 4 chance of a child inheriting both altered copies of the gene from both parents. In this case we would expect that child to have Ectodermal Dysplasia.
X-Linked Recessive Inheritance
Men and women have different sex chromosomes. Men have an X and a Y chromosome and women have 2 X chromosomes. The Y chromosome is rather small; it makes the child male but has far fewer genes than the X chromosome. Therefore, women have 2 copies of the genes on the X chromosomes whereas men have only a single copy. If there is an alteration in a gene on the X chromosome that has caused Ectodermal Dysplasia, it will usually cause more symptoms in a male than a female. A girl has a second X chromosome which carries a working copy of the gene; this may compensate for the malfunction of the changed gene and dilute some of the symptoms.
Despite this, however, an alteration in a gene on the X chromosome can often show in a female because only one of the two genes will be active in any one cell in the body. In fact, a female has patches where she uses the genes on one X chromosome and other patches where she uses the genes on the other X chromosome. Just which X chromosome is active in any one area on the body is random – it is down to chance.
A Mother affected in this way will have a 50% (1 in 2) chance of passing the disorder to each of her children regardless of the gender of the child, although a girl would be less likely to show signs of the condition.
A Father affected in this way will definitely (with a probability of 100%) pass the disorder to all his daughters and to none of his sons. This is because, if he passes on his X chromosome (with the genetic change) to the baby, the baby will be a girl (and affected). In contrast, if he passes on his Y chromosome, the baby will be a boy (and unaffected).
X Linked Dominant
The X-Linked Dominant inheritance occurs when a single altered copy of the gene is enough to cause a disorder in the person who carries it, whether or not there is another, intact copy of the same gene.
A Mother affected in this way will have a 50% (1 in 2) chance of passing the disorder on to each of her children regardless of the gender of the parent or the child.
A Father affected in this way will definitely (with a probability of 100%) pass the disorder to all his daughters and to none of his sons. This is because, if he passes on his X chromosome (with the genetic change) to the baby, the baby will be a girl (and affected). In contrast, if he passes on his Y chromosome, the baby will be a boy (and unaffected).
It is important to remember that not all individuals will have inherited a changed Ectodermal Dysplasia gene from one or both of their parents. In this case the disorder is classed as a “de novo” (new) genetic alteration. When a child has an Ectodermal Dysplasia syndrome and the parents are shown by molecular diagnosis (through blood samples) not to be carriers of the syndrome, there is only a very small chance that the genetic alteration will be present in another child of the same parents. The affected child however, will have a chance of passing the disorder to their children.
Statistical probabilities are all very well when being reassured by comfortingly low odds (often the case after genetic counselling), but it is not much help to those facing a high chance of an affected child. People often want to know whether they are a carrier or not; whether the developing baby is affected or not. All else is just agonising uncertainty. Only recently, through the advances of molecular genetics, has genetic testing been able to determine the precise genetic alteration in an individual affected by Ectodermal Dysplasia. Finding the precise genetic alteration not only confirms the precise type of Ectodermal Dysplasia in an individual, but also means that a family member can be given more accurate information about the chance of a baby being affected. They may also be offered early prenatal diagnosis if there is a significant chance of having an affected baby and they wish to know.
Consanguineous Marriage
‘Consanguineous’ means ‘being of the same blood’ and consanguineous marriage is marriage between blood relatives, usually defined as marriage between people who are second cousins or closer, often referred to as cousin marriages.
Being married to a cousin is not the reason that a child is born with a disability. Most babies born to cousin couples are healthy. However, cousin marriage increases the risk of birth defect and those genetic diseases inherited in the autosomal recessive pattern. The fact that parents are related to each other makes it more likely that they will pass the same altered gene to a child, who will be affected because they have this in a double dose. Marriage between first cousins increases the risk of this happening from the 2-3% that everyone faces to 5-6%. This risk is somewhat higher than for other people but in absolute terms is still small.
When a cousin couple have a healthy child, as happens most of the time, this may be because they do not have the unusual gene, or because that child did not inherit the unusual gene from both parents.
Prenatal testing, Chorionic Villus Sampling, Amniocentesis and Non-Invasive Prenatal Diagnosis are available for all communities within the UK.